NowisyourbestchancetoseeendangeredSouthern resident orcasbackdive,bellyflopandfinslaparoundPugetSound.

Three orca family groups known as J, K and L pods make their way inland every fall to feed on chum salmon, a second-favorite to their preferred Chinook.

It’s a chance to witness a population that, despite millions spent on recovery efforts, continues to languish.

But state and local organizations say efforts to recover orcas main food sources are working — it’s just taking Mother Nature some time to catch up, and a growing human population through Puget Sound is presenting new challenges for already endangered species.

With two babies born into J Pod last month, the southern residents number just 74.

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The population has fluctuated since the 1970s, when marine parks captured members of all three pods for display. The population was 71 orcas in 1974, the first year they were counted. The pods peaked with 97 in 1996, before declining again to the 70s.

“It’s a really low count for the whales,” Snohomish County Conservation District Executive Director Linda Lyshall said. “If we want to keep those species, we need to do whatever we can to help them rebound in their population.”

The southern residents were listed as endangered in 2005 under the Endangered Species Act.

Scientists have identified three main reasons the orcas can’t regain their numbers: a lack of food sources, pollution in the ocean causing immune or reproductive system dysfunction and noise disturbance from marine vessels.

In Puget Sound and locally in Snohomish County, much of the work to recover orca populations has focused on the first obstacle — a lack of the mammals’ main course, Chinook salmon.

“If there aren’t enough salmon, they go hungry,” Lyshall said.

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When settlers arrived in Puget Sound, they diked off rivers and streams, drained estuaries and cut down forest. They put in bulkheads and railroads, hardening the shoreline that once housed the small fish salmon eat.

With fewer estuaries, juvenile salmon have fewer safe places to grow big and strong before taking on the ocean. Culverts block the fish from the rivers and streams where they lay eggs.

Most restoration work in Puget Sound aims to regain access to those critical habitats and to replant native vegetation along rivers and streams, cooling the water to more ideal temperatures for salmon spawning and providing natural food sources through insects and leaf litter.

The Tulalip Tribes have been a driving force in leading orca recovery for Puget Sound, both taking on restoration projects and advising other organizations.

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The orcas hold a special place in Tulalip culture, said Kurt Nelson, environmental division manager for the tribes. The Tulalip orca story chronicles how the animals saved past generations of people from starvation by eating the seals devouring spring salmon runs.

According to the State of the Salmon 2018 Report, state and local organizations spent more than $527 million dollars on salmon recovery in the region between 1999 and 2017, with about 37% spent on habitat restoration.

Between 2011 and 2019, more than 8,100 acres in Puget Sound were restored, improving connection between 17 major river floodplains.

Locally, 1,100 estuary acres have been restored in the Snohomish basin alone. That includes projects in Snohomish County like tidal marsh reclamation on Smith Island, the return of tidal flows to the Qwuloolt Estuary and restored salmon habitat on Mid-Spencer Island. Over 330 acres along the Snohomish and its tributaries have been replanted with native vegetation.

So, is it working?

“Yes,” Puget Sound Partnership Salmon Recovery Manager Amber Moore said. “And we do see salmon returning to restored and acquired habitats.”

But there’s a lot of work left to be done, she said, and there isn’t enough funding to support it.

According to the Governor’s Salmon Recovery Office, the amount spent on restoration so far accounts for just 20% of the funds it will take to reverse declining salmon populations.

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Chinook were listed as endangered in 2005, and there’s little sign of recoveryin Puget Sound populations. Most remain far below the abundance goals set by the National Marine Fisheries Service.

In the Stillaguamish River Basin, Chinook returning to spawn in the North Fork Stillaguamish once numbered around 18,000. In 1991, there were 1,400. The most recent estimate from 2018 was 117.

Salmon numbers are not decreasing as rapidly as they were in the early 1990s and early 2000s. But populations remain stagnant despite the habitat that’s been restored.

“There is a lag-time effect between restoration and the salmon and orca response we are looking for,” said Kit Crump, Snohomish County salmon recovery coordinator in the Stillaguamish Watershed. “We’re not doing enough (restoration).”

Many state and regional restoration goals remain unmet.

Gretchen Glaub, a salmon recovery coordinator for the county in the Snohomish Watershed, said just under 14 acres of off-channel habitat have been restored: side channels, sloughs and wetlands that provide safe foraging for juvenile fish. That’s well below the 167-acre goal in the Snohomish basin.

Elene Trujillo, effectiveness monitoring analyst for the Puget Sound Partnership, attributes slow response from salmon to a few factors.

First, she said it hasn’t been long enough for the effects of habitat restoration on the fish to be fully realized.

For some of the larger restoration projects, like the Qwuloolt estuary project completed in Marysville, it takes a while to reap the benefits.

It took a few years to see young salmon downstream after completing that project in 2015, Nelson said. But since then, the numbers have increased 10-fold.

Other projects see more immediate benefits.

Leque Island near Stanwood was flooded with tidal waters for the first time in a century last year, and fish colonized the renewed estuary almost instantly.

This Sept. 2015 photo shows an adult female orca, identified as J-16, as she’s about to surface with her youngest calf, born earlier in the year 2015, near the San Juan Islands. (NOAA Fisheries/Vancouver Aquarium via AP, File)

As the human population in Puget Sound continues to boom, habitat degradation is occurring rapidly enough to offset some of the restoration efforts, Trujillo said.

Habitat destruction isn’t the only factor preventing salmon recovery.

“There are other issues out there we’re trying to understand in Puget Sound,” Nelson said.

The Tulalip Tribes are currently looking into a decline in juvenile salmon survival in the ocean.

“We also need to get a handle on toxins within Puget Sound and how they might be affecting orca and orca prey like Chinook,” Lyshall said.

The tribes, along with state and local agencies, are working on that research.

But fixing salmon habitat is ultimately the key to restoring orca numbers, Crump said.

“Big fish are food for the orca,” he said. “And you need a lot of habitat to produce big fish in large numbers and ocean conditions that are cooperative.”

Everyone can do something to help orca recovery, Lyshall said. If you have a yard, use nontoxic products on your plants, because urban runoff contributes to pollution in Puget Sound. Build rain gardens to help mitigate and clean stormwater. If you live in an apartment, volunteer for restoration plantings.

“We are making progress,” Crump said. “When you look at the land use, we’re increasing salmon habitat. We also have a long way to go, and limited resources.”

Julia-Grace Sanders: 425-339-3439; jgsanders@heraldnet.com; Twitter: @sanders_julia.